Adequate representation from the locals in the area is also a vital component of development strategies in the south. In this respect, it would be helpful if the local leadership, such as governors and other office-bearers, reflect better the demography in the south where the Malay population is dominant. Co-opting into the mainstream prominent individuals like Ismail Lutfi, the Chairman of the Saudi-funded Yala Islamic College – as the Thai government has done – will help keep in check separatist tendencies and prevent a drift towards extremism. This way, the possibility of the separatist groups linking up with transnational militants and adopting the ideology of “global jihad” can also be reduced.

Managing the pondoks

The government must however approach with utmost caution the issue of reforming the hundreds of Islamic schools in Thailand. It is important that the authorities avoid taking steps that would destroy the credibility of the religious leaders and institutions. The two are synonymous with Southern Thailand. Therefore any measures that undermine their credibility will adversely affect the Muslim community’s cooperation with the government. Instead the government could consider increasing financial, technical and professional support for the pondoks to enhance their relevance to national developmental goals.

In addition, NGOs can also be given a role in solving the problem in the South, at least on the social front. The improvement of social conditions will help address the grievances of the Pattani Malays and ease their strained relationship with other Thais and the government. NGOs which can help improve the social, economic and educational levels of the population in Southern Thailand should be offered government support, such as through funding for their reform programmes. The involvement of civic groups will help reflect a more balanced approach in relating to the south — one that is not too security-oriented.

Studies can also be done on how Thailand’s ASEAN neighbours, such as Singapore, relate to the Muslim minority community. Such studies could start with a focus on certain laws and administration. They can then expand into concrete cooperation in assisting the Southern Thai Muslims to adjust themselves to the Thai context. Southern Thai Muslims can also be exposed to other countries where the Muslim minorities have successfully contributed to their nation’s progress and development.

Reviewing the separatist strategy

On their part, the Muslims in Southern Thailand, especially those who are involved in separatist activities, can review their goal of separatism. In particular, the community should reassess the whole spectrum of jihad, which, conceptually, has a wider meaning and may not be limited to armed struggle, but has nevertheless been mobilised by militants to legitimise their actions.

Finally, Thailand’s active role in the US-led war on terrorism must be carefully managed so as not be seen as a war on Muslims, which could only inflame local sentiments. This would help prevent separatist groups in the south from being exploited by external interests to destabilise Thailand. This possibility cannot be ruled out given that Hambali and a few other JI operatives were arrested in Thailand and appeared to have moved freely in the country While the government maintains its firm grip in order to contain separatism and militancy, it needs to realise that its bigger battle is winning the hearts and minds of the southern Muslims.