Executive Summary

1. The maritime domain, including the subsurface domain in the Asia Pacific is becoming increasingly complex. The numbers and capabilities of submarines operating in the region have increased.
2. The deterrent value of submarines is a main motivation behind submarine acquisitions. The stealth advantage of submarines warrants a disproportionate response from surface forces and submarines are often said to act as a force multiplier for a small navy against a larger naval force.
3. Other impetus behind submarine acquisitions in the region are also aplenty, including national prestige, desire to keep up with neighbouring countries. Modern submarines can be used for intelligence gathering in peace times, and sabotage operations in times of war.
4. Problems with submarine acquisitions and operations exist, including high cost of acquisition and maintenance, lack of human capacity and navigation risks in operation.
5. The increase in the numbers of submarines in the region has the potential to destabilise the strategic environment in the region. The nature of submarine operations increases the chances of accidental armed conflict and hinders maritime confidence building in the region.
6. The lack of trust is the main inhibiting factor for cooperation on submarine safety in the region. Submarine operators should explore the various ways and means available to improve confidence building and facilitate the progression towards a regional protocol for submarine operations and rescue.