Including media literacy as part of a multi-pronged approach to counter the spread of online falsehoods was a recurring call by academics, students and civil society alike.

The building of such literacy, and urging against the sharing of information without checks, could form long-term measures to counter disinformation, said Mr Benjamin Ang, a senior fellow at the S. Rajaratnam School of International Studies.

These should be coupled with more immediate measures such as having independent fact-checkers and timely, transparent communication with the Government during crises, he added.

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