Many large nations have a route for engaging China on Xinjiang in a non-hostile manner and Indonesia leverages on Civil Society Organisations (CSOs) to contribute to China’s understanding on terrorism. According to Cameron Sumpter from RSIS, CSOs in Indonesia have filled vital ‘countering violent extremism’ gaps that security forces and government initiatives cannot, gaining the trust of the communities in which they exist and rehabilitating and reintegrating people as well as preventing radicalisation.